Abstract

The large-scale deployment of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) has emerged as a pivotal solution for addressing global energy demands while mitigating environmental degradation. However, the transition to these sustainable energy systems must be evaluated through the lens of environmental justice, ethical considerations, and equitable access. This chapter explores the socio-environmental dimensions of HRES deployment, emphasizing land use conflicts, biodiversity conservation, supply chain sustainability, and community-inclusive energy policies. The ethical challenges associated with large-scale renewable energy projects, such as displacement of indigenous populations, resource exploitation, and unequal energy distribution, are critically examined. Additionally, the role of decentralized energy solutions, participatory governance, and sustainability-driven regulatory frameworks in ensuring fair energy transitions is discussed. The integration of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence and smart grids, is highlighted as a mechanism for optimizing HRES efficiency and accessibility while minimizing adverse environmental and social impacts. By addressing key environmental and ethical challenges, this chapter provides a comprehensive framework for achieving a just and sustainable renewable energy future.  

Introduction

The rapid expansion of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) has positioned them as a key component in the global transition toward sustainable energy [1]. These systems integrate multiple renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, and bioenergy, to enhance efficiency, reliability, and energy security [2]. Unlike conventional fossil fuel-based energy systems, HRES significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on non-renewable resources, contributing to climate change mitigation [3]. However, the large-scale deployment of HRES raises critical environmental, social, and ethical concerns that must be addressed to ensure a just and equitable energy transition [4]. While these systems offer substantial environmental benefits, their implementation involves complex trade-offs, including land use conflicts, resource management challenges, and disparities in energy access [5]. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the broader implications of HRES beyond their technical and economic advantages, considering their long-term sustainability and social acceptability [6]. 

The environmental impact of HRES development extends beyond carbon reduction, influencing land use patterns, biodiversity conservation, and resource extraction [7]. Large-scale renewable energy installations require extensive land areas, which may lead to habitat destruction, deforestation, and land displacement [8]. The construction of wind farms, solar parks, and hydropower facilities can disrupt local ecosystems, affecting wildlife migration patterns and altering natural landscapes [9]. The extraction of raw materials for renewable energy technologies, such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements, raises concerns about environmental degradation and resource depletion [10]. Sustainable resource management strategies, circular economy practices, and eco-friendly technology advancements are essential to mitigate these environmental challenges while maximizing the benefits of renewable energy adoption [11].