Abstract

The rapid evolution of Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has revolutionized real-time health data acquisition in urban healthcare ecosystems. This book chapter delves into the integration of advanced sensor technologies, wireless communication protocols, and energy-efficient systems for continuous monitoring of vital health parameters. Focused on wearable health devices, it explores how advancements in miniaturization, sensor integration, and communication methods contribute to more precise and efficient health data transmission. Additionally, the chapter highlights the critical role of oxygen saturation and pulse sensors in respiratory health monitoring, underscoring their significance in managing chronic conditions and enabling remote patient care. The impact of energy-efficient wireless sensors on the sustainability of healthcare monitoring was also examined, emphasizing how reduced power consumption extends device lifespan and improves user compliance. The implications of 5G connectivity for real-time health data transmission are also discussed, demonstrating its potential to transform healthcare delivery through faster, more reliable communication. Ultimately, the chapter offers an in-depth exploration of the technologies driving the future of urban healthcare, providing a comprehensive understanding of their role in enhancing patient outcomes and supporting the growing demand for scalable, real-time healthcare solutions.

Introduction

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has significantly transformed healthcare by enabling the real-time acquisition and monitoring of health data [1]. In urban healthcare ecosystems, where the demand for timely and accurate health monitoring was growing rapidly, IoT-enabled devices play a pivotal role [2]. These technologies offer the potential to continuously collect a wide array of physiological parameters from patients, facilitating early detection of health anomalies and chronic disease management [3]. The adoption of wearable health devices that incorporate sensors for monitoring vital signs such as heart rate, blood oxygen levels, and respiratory parameters has allowed healthcare professionals to receive real-time data remotely, leading to better decision-making and improved patient outcomes [4]. The integration of wireless communication protocols ensures that this data can be transmitted seamlessly and securely to healthcare providers, thereby enabling more effective, proactive care [5].

As healthcare systems worldwide face increasing pressure to meet the demands of aging populations and patients with chronic conditions, IoT and WSNs offer a solution to alleviate some of these challenges [6]. The development of smaller, more sophisticated sensors capable of measuring critical health parameters has enabled the creation of lightweight, non-invasive devices that can be worn continuously [7]. These devices monitor patients’ health in real-time, providing invaluable insights into their physical condition [8]. The ability to track changes in health metrics without requiring patients to visit a healthcare facility opens up new possibilities for remote care and the management of conditions outside of clinical settings [9]. This shift toward continuous monitoring allows for the early identification of potential health issues and provides patients with a sense of security, knowing that their health status was being continuously monitored [10].